Avocado Farming: Climate, Soil, Varieties, Planting and Harvesting

An avocado orchard can look simple from the road: rows of green trees, irrigation lines underneath and fruit hanging quietly in the canopy.

The difficult decisions happen before those trees ever reach that size.

Avocados need a suitable climate, very good drainage, dependable irrigation, appropriate cultivars and rootstocks, careful nutrition and a market that can justify the years of orchard establishment. A poor site can create problems that are difficult and expensive to correct once hundreds of trees are in the ground.

This is why I would never start an avocado orchard by asking, “How much profit can an acre make?”

I would start by digging a hole after rain and asking, “How quickly does this soil drain?”

Avocado roots are especially vulnerable to prolonged wet conditions. University of Florida Extension notes that avocado trees do not tolerate flooding or poorly drained soils, while UC IPM identifies irrigation management and root-zone conditions as central to controlling Phytophthora root rot.

Quick Answer: Avocado farming works best where winters are mild, damaging frost is limited, soils drain freely and irrigation water is dependable and suitable in quality. Commercial orchards are normally established with grafted nursery trees rather than seedlings. Cultivar, pollination strategy, rootstock, spacing, irrigation and nutrition should all be selected for the local site rather than copied from another growing region.

Is Your Land Suitable for Avocado Farming?

Before ordering trees, spend time studying the land.

A healthy avocado orchard begins below ground.

Look at:

• Drainage after heavy rain
• Soil depth
• Compacted layers
• Slope
• Frost pockets
• Wind exposure
• Irrigation-water availability
• Water quality
• Previous orchard history
• Access for machinery and harvest crews
• Distance to packing or marketing facilities

A site that stays waterlogged after rainfall should make you cautious.

UF/IFAS reports that continuously wet or flooded soil can reduce avocado growth and yield, cause nutrient-deficiency symptoms and dieback and increase susceptibility to Phytophthora root infection.

Farmer’s Reality Check: A cheap piece of land can become an expensive avocado orchard if drainage, frost protection or irrigation problems have to be corrected after planting.

Climate Requirements for Avocado Trees

Avocados are generally grown in tropical and subtropical environments, but saying they “like warm weather” is not enough for orchard planning.

Both cold and excessive heat can cause problems.

UC guidance shows meaningful differences in cold tolerance among avocado cultivars. Hass is relatively frost sensitive, while cultivars with stronger Mexican ancestry, including Zutano, Bacon and Mexicola, generally tolerate colder conditions better.

Young trees are particularly vulnerable.

Heat can also interfere with flowering, fruit set and tree performance. UC guidance notes that avocado growth and fruit set can suffer under prolonged temperature extremes.

When examining a potential orchard, look beyond the average annual temperature.

Pay attention to:

• Lowest winter temperatures
• Duration of freezes
• Spring temperatures during flowering
• Extreme summer heat
• Hot, dry winds
• Prevailing wind direction
• Elevation
• Cold-air drainage
• Nearby hills and valleys

Two fields only a short distance apart can behave very differently on a cold night.

Avoid frost pockets

Cold air tends to settle in low areas.

A low, sheltered hollow may look attractive because it is flat and easy to irrigate, yet it can accumulate cold air during a frost event.

UC avocado production guidance stresses the importance of locating orchards in warm areas with good air drainage.

If frost protection would require major equipment or regular emergency intervention, put that cost into the orchard budget before planting.

Avocado Soil: Drainage Matters More Than a Perfect Soil Name

You may hear that avocados require one particular soil type.

In practice, drainage is one of the most important considerations.

UF/IFAS notes that avocado trees can grow in several well-drained soil types but perform poorly under flooding and persistent saturation.

That means a technically “fertile” soil can still be a poor avocado soil if water sits around the roots.

Before planting commercially, investigate:

• Soil texture
• Effective rooting depth
• Drainage
• Compaction
• Soil pH
• Salinity
• Organic matter
• Nutrient status

A soil test is useful for understanding pH and nutrient conditions, but a soil test alone does not tell you whether the site drains adequately.

Dig inspection pits.

Look at what happens after irrigation or substantial rain.

If you see prolonged saturation, mottling, standing water or a restrictive layer, investigate the cause before planting.

For preliminary pH planning, BlogAgri’s Soil pH and Lime Requirement Estimator can help organize soil-test information, but amendment decisions should follow local laboratory and Extension recommendations.

Why Root Rot Is Such an Important Avocado Issue

Few orchard problems deserve more attention before planting than Phytophthora root rot.

The pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi can damage avocado feeder roots and severely weaken affected trees.

UC IPM emphasizes irrigation management as one of the most important components of disease control. Root-rot management also involves sanitation, suitable planting sites, appropriate cultural practices and disease-management strategies suited to the orchard.

Poor drainage and excessive irrigation make the situation worse because avocado roots need both moisture and oxygen.

That balance is easy to say and harder to achieve.

Root-Zone Rule: Do not manage irrigation simply by looking at whether the soil surface appears dry. What matters is the moisture and aeration around the active root system.

When establishing a new orchard, use reputable, healthy nursery stock and avoid moving contaminated soil or plant material into clean areas. UC root-rot guidance includes clean nursery stock, site selection, drainage and sanitation as parts of an integrated strategy.

Should You Grow Avocados From Seed?

For a commercial orchard, generally no.

Growing an avocado pit is an enjoyable propagation project, but a seed-grown tree is genetically different from the tree that produced the fruit.

A Hass seed does not simply give you another genetically identical Hass tree.

Commercial orchards normally rely on grafted nursery trees so that the fruiting cultivar has known characteristics and can be combined with a suitable rootstock.

If your goal is simply to germinate an avocado at home, BlogAgri has a separate guide on how to grow avocado from seed. The guide also explains why seed-grown trees should not be treated as predictable replacements for commercial grafted cultivars.

For orchard establishment, buy healthy grafted trees from a reputable nursery familiar with avocado production in your region.

Choosing Avocado Varieties

There is no single best avocado variety for every farm.

Choose cultivars according to:

• Climate
• Frost risk
• Harvest season
• Market demand
• Fruit characteristics
• Pollination arrangement
• Tree vigor
• Rootstock
• Local disease pressure
• Packing and shipping requirements

Hass

Hass dominates many commercial markets because of its fruit characteristics and handling qualities.

It is an A-type flowering cultivar.

However, commercial popularity does not mean it belongs on every farm. It is relatively frost sensitive, so local climatic suitability still comes first.

Fuerte

Fuerte is a B-type cultivar and has different fruit and climatic characteristics from Hass.

UC guidance describes it as having somewhat greater cold tolerance than Hass.

Reed

Reed is an A-type avocado that matures later than Hass in California production systems and produces a notably different fruit.

It may be useful where its season and market characteristics fit the farm.

Bacon and Zutano

Bacon and Zutano are B-type cultivars and have historically been considered more cold tolerant than Hass under California conditions.

Do not select them only because they are B-types. Fruit marketability, climate, orchard design and local performance still matter.

Understanding A-Type and B-Type Avocado Flowers

Avocado flowering is unusual.

Individual flowers open at different times in female and male phases. Cultivars are commonly classified as A-type or B-type according to that flowering pattern.

UC lists:

A types: Hass, Gwen, Pinkerton, Reed, Lamb Hass and others.

B types: Fuerte, Zutano, Bacon, SirPrize and others.

This does not mean an avocado tree is strictly unable to set fruit without the opposite type.

Self-fertilization contributes substantially to fruit set in some commercial orchards.

However, UC research and commercial experience indicate that having complementary A- and B-type cultivars nearby can improve pollination and fruit set under some conditions. Many commercial Hass growers therefore include B-type pollenizer trees and encourage bee activity during flowering.

Pollination Tip: Do not design an entire commercial orchard from an online A/B chart alone. Flowering overlap changes with cultivar and temperature, so use local Extension or experienced orchard advice when choosing pollenizers.

Choosing Avocado Rootstocks

The rootstock is easy to overlook because customers never see it.

For the farmer, it can be extremely important.

Rootstock can influence:

• Tree vigor
• Soil adaptation
• Salinity response
• Disease tolerance
• Orchard uniformity
• Tree size
• Long-term performance

Rootstock recommendations are regional.

A rootstock performing well on one soil or under one irrigation-water quality may not be the best choice somewhere else.

Before ordering hundreds of trees, ask a local avocado specialist or experienced commercial nursery which rootstocks have performed well under conditions similar to yours.

Preparing the Orchard Before Planting

Do as much corrective work as possible before the trees arrive.

That may include:

• Soil testing
• Drainage work
• Main irrigation installation
• Orchard roads
• Erosion-control measures
• Wind protection
• Row layout
• Weed management
• Marking tree positions

It is easier to install a main water line across an empty field than through a young orchard.

The same applies to drainage work.

If the site requires major grading, drains or erosion-control structures, finish them before planting whenever practical.

How Far Apart Should Avocado Trees Be?

There is no responsible universal spacing such as “plant every avocado tree exactly X feet apart.”

Commercial spacing depends on:

• Cultivar vigor
• Rootstock
• Soil
• Climate
• Canopy-management system
• Irrigation
• Machinery access
• Orchard slope
• Intended pruning program

Traditional and high-density avocado orchards can have very different tree populations.

UC economic and field studies, for example, have evaluated both conventional spacing and much denser systems. High-density planting can increase early production per acre in some systems, but it also changes pruning, canopy management, establishment cost and long-term orchard management.

Choose the orchard system first.

Then calculate tree numbers.

BlogAgri’s Tree Spacing Calculator can estimate rows, trees per row and total nursery-tree requirements after you have selected an agronomically appropriate spacing.

Orchard Planning Tip: More trees per acre does not automatically mean more long-term profit. You also need to manage light, canopy size, pruning, harvest access and production costs.

How to Plant an Avocado Tree

Handle young avocado roots carefully.

UC IPM recommends planting container-grown avocado trees so the root ball remains at approximately its nursery depth and warns against planting too deeply because moisture around the trunk can encourage root and crown problems.

A practical planting sequence is:

1. Mark the orchard accurately.
2. Inspect each nursery tree before planting.
3. Dig a hole wide enough for the root system without creating an unnecessarily deep pit.
4. Keep the root ball intact where possible.
5. Set the tree at the correct depth.
6. Backfill carefully with the site soil unless local recommendations specify otherwise.
7. Water the root zone after planting.
8. Keep irrigation water away from continuously wetting the trunk.
9. Protect young trees from wind, sunburn, animals or frost where those risks are present.

UC planting guidance recommends backfilling with native soil rather than creating a heavily amended planting pocket.

The goal is to help roots move into the orchard soil, not remain confined inside a small artificial pot of amended material.

Irrigating an Avocado Orchard

Avocados need reliable water, but they should not be described as a low-water crop.

Commercial avocado irrigation is a serious management job.

UC’s avocado irrigation resources specifically address irrigation frequency, application amount, soil-moisture monitoring, system maintenance, water supply and salinity.

Water use varies with:

• Tree age
• Canopy size
• Weather
• Evapotranspiration
• Soil
• Root distribution
• Irrigation efficiency
• Rainfall
• Season

This is why fixed advice such as “give every tree X gallons each week” does not belong in a general commercial guide.

Young trees and mature trees also have different root zones and water demands.

Avoid both drought stress and waterlogging

Avocado roots can be damaged by prolonged saturation, but insufficient water can also reduce growth and fruit performance.

The farmer’s job is not simply to irrigate frequently.

It is to irrigate according to tree demand and root-zone conditions.

Depending on the production region, growers may use:

• Soil-moisture sensors
• Weather and evapotranspiration data
• Irrigation scheduling
• Mini-sprinklers
• Drip systems
• Field observation

UC root-rot guidance also notes that irrigation practices can strongly affect Phytophthora development.

Water quality matters too

Avocado is sensitive to salinity.

Poor-quality irrigation water can therefore create problems even when the quantity of water seems adequate. Recent UF/IFAS guidance also identifies avocado among fruit crops that are not particularly tolerant of saline soil and water conditions.

Have irrigation water tested where salinity or specific-ion problems are possible.

Water Reality Check: Avocado farming is not automatically water efficient or sustainable. Water requirement and irrigation efficiency depend on climate, orchard design, soil, tree size, irrigation technology and management.

Fertilizing Avocado Trees

Avoid fertilizing by habit.

Established orchards should be managed using evidence from tree performance, local recommendations and appropriate testing.

UC avocado guidance uses leaf analysis as an important tool for evaluating orchard nutrient status. UC notes that indiscriminate fertilizer applications can create nutrient imbalances rather than improving tree performance.

Nitrogen is important, but more nitrogen is not always better.

The correct amount depends on factors such as:

• Tree age
• Yield
• Canopy size
• Leaf analysis
• Soil conditions
• Irrigation system
• Regional recommendations

UC avocado fertilization guidance for California provides specific nitrogen programs, but those rates should not simply be copied into orchards in another country or climate.

That is why this guide does not give one universal fertilizer recipe.

A better approach is:

1. Test the site before establishment.
2. Follow local orchard recommendations.
3. Observe tree growth and leaf color.
4. Use leaf/tissue analysis where recommended.
5. Adjust nutrients based on evidence.
6. Avoid applying fertilizer simply because a calendar says it is time.

If you are interested in biological nutrient products, BlogAgri’s guide to biofertilizers explains why microbial products should be matched to a crop and tested rather than treated as automatic replacements for sound nutrient management.

Mulch and Orchard-Floor Management

Avocado feeder roots tend to occupy relatively shallow soil layers, which makes surface conditions important.

Orchard-floor management can help with:

• Weed suppression
• Soil protection
• Traffic management
• Organic-matter management
• Erosion control

However, do not pile wet organic material directly against the trunk.

Keep the root crown and lower trunk in conditions that discourage prolonged moisture and disease.

The exact floor-management system should fit rainfall, slope, soil, irrigation and pest conditions.

Weed Control Around Young Trees

Young avocado trees compete poorly when vigorous weeds are allowed to dominate the immediate root zone.

Manage weeds early, but protect young trunks and roots from mechanical and chemical injury.

UC IPM warns that some herbicides can injure young avocado trees and recommends choosing pre-plant and post-plant weed-management practices carefully.

Options can include:

• Mulching
• Mowing
• Cultivation where appropriate
• Hand removal near trunks
• Registered herbicides used exactly according to label and regional guidance

An orchard weed program should never be copied blindly from another crop.

Pruning and Canopy Management

Avocado trees can become large.

That matters for:

• Harvesting
• Light penetration
• Spray coverage
• Machinery movement
• Tree-to-tree competition

Canopy management becomes especially important in closer plantings.

UC avocado research treats pruning and canopy management as orchard-economic decisions because pruning affects both management cost and yield performance.

Pruning goals may include:

• Limiting excessive height
• Maintaining workable alleys
• Managing tree crowding
• Removing damaged limbs
• Improving canopy structure
• Renewing fruiting wood under specific systems

Avoid severe or poorly timed pruning simply because another orchard uses it.

Tree response depends on cultivar, climate, crop load and management system.

Wind Protection

Avocado leaves and fruit can be damaged by strong wind.

UC guidance notes that wind can contribute to fruit drop and defoliation, making protected sites preferable where damaging winds are common.

A windbreak may help on exposed sites, but it also needs planning.

Consider:

• Species
• Height
• Root competition
• Shade
• Irrigation
• Disease/pest concerns
• Access

Do not plant a windbreak so close that it creates a new problem for the orchard.

Major Avocado Diseases

Disease pressure varies by region, so this section should not become a universal pesticide schedule.

The important point is to know which diseases occur locally and build prevention into orchard management.

Phytophthora root rot

This is one of the most serious avocado diseases in many production regions.

Management starts with drainage, healthy planting material, irrigation management and sanitation rather than waiting for sick trees.

Crown and trunk Phytophthora

UC IPM recommends minimizing prolonged trunk wetness and avoiding unnecessary wounds. Sprinklers should not continuously wet the lower trunk.

Regional diseases

Other important diseases vary substantially by country.

For example, laurel wilt has become an important avocado concern in Florida, while other production regions face different disease complexes.

Use your regional Extension service, agriculture department or crop adviser for current disease-management recommendations.

Avocado Insect and Mite Pests

The same principle applies to pests.

Do not spray an avocado orchard simply because a calendar says a certain insect “usually appears” during a particular month.

Scout.

Identify the pest correctly.

Determine whether intervention is justified.

Then select legal and locally recommended controls.

Integrated pest management combines monitoring, cultural practices, biological controls and pesticides where necessary rather than assuming every insect requires treatment.

UC IPM maintains crop-specific avocado pest-management resources for growers operating under California conditions.

How Long Before Avocado Trees Produce Fruit?

This is one reason avocado farming requires financial patience.

A commercial orchard is a multi-year investment.

Grafted avocado trees may begin carrying commercial fruit within the first several years under favorable conditions, but early crops should not be confused with full mature-orchard production.

UC high-density research, for example, tracked yields increasing through the establishment years rather than treating the orchard as fully productive immediately after planting.

That establishment period matters financially.

You may be paying for:

• Irrigation
• Fertilizer
• Pruning
• Weed control
• Pest management
• Labor
• Land
• Tree replacement

before mature yields arrive.

Build those years into the business plan.

Alternate Bearing and Crop Variation

Do not assume every orchard will produce the same yield every year.

Avocado production can fluctuate with:

• Flowering
• Weather
• Previous crop load
• Tree condition
• Pollination
• Water stress
• Heat or frost
• Pests and disease

UC notes that avocado phenology and production are influenced by cultivar, location, temperature, water availability and crop load.

This is another reason to avoid profitability projections based on one excellent harvest.

When Are Avocados Ready to Harvest?

An avocado behaves differently from fruit such as a ripe peach.

Commercially mature avocado fruit typically ripens after it is picked rather than becoming fully soft on the tree. UF/IFAS notes that avocados generally do not ripen until harvested or naturally detached.

That makes harvest maturity important.

A fruit can reach full size without yet having the internal maturity needed to ripen properly after picking.

Commercial maturity standards can use factors such as:

• Cultivar
• Calendar maturity
• Dry-matter content
• Oil development
• Regional maturity standards

Do not harvest an orchard simply because the fruit “looks big enough.”

Consult local maturity standards for the cultivar and market.

How to Harvest Avocados

Handle the fruit carefully.

Harvest damage lowers packout and can reduce storage quality.

A commercial harvest system may involve:

• Hand picking
• Clippers
• Picking poles
• Harvest bags
• Field bins
• Platforms or ladders
• Mechanical assistance in suitable orchards

Avoid dropping fruit.

Protect bins from unnecessary heat and rough handling.

Once the fruit leaves the tree, the focus shifts from growing to maintaining quality.

Sorting and Grading

Not every harvested avocado becomes first-grade fruit.

Packout may be reduced by:

• Small size
• Oversize fruit outside buyer specifications
• Scarring
• Sunburn
• Pest damage
• Disease
• Mechanical injury
• Misshapen fruit

This difference between total yield and saleable yield is extremely important when calculating orchard economics.

If an orchard produces 10 tonnes but only 8 tonnes meet the intended market grade, the business budget should use the 8 tonnes as saleable output.

Postharvest Storage

Temperature management is one of the main tools used to slow quality deterioration after harvest.

FAO postharvest guidance explains that cooling reduces respiration and slows ripening and water loss, but avocado is also a chilling-sensitive fruit, so colder is not always better.

Commercial storage conditions depend on:

• Cultivar
• Maturity
• Intended storage duration
• Destination
• Controlled-atmosphere use
• Shipping protocol

FAO’s avocado postharvest compendium discusses refrigerated storage and commercial postharvest management, but a single temperature-duration combination should not be applied universally to every cultivar and market.

For commercial fruit, follow the specifications of the packer, exporter or market receiving the crop.

Selling Avocados

Do not plant an orchard first and ask where to sell the fruit five years later.

Investigate the market during orchard planning.

Possible channels include:

• Packers
• Wholesalers
• Produce distributors
• Retailers
• Farmers’ markets
• Farm stands
• Restaurants
• Direct local sales

Large-scale commercial orchards usually need a different marketing system from a small diversified farm selling fruit directly.

Ask potential buyers:

• Which cultivars do you accept?
• What size grades do you want?
• What maturity standards apply?
• How is fruit packed?
• Who arranges transport?
• What quality defects are rejected?
• Is there a minimum volume?
• How does price vary through the season?

A fruit that grows well but does not meet buyer specifications is not a successful commercial crop.

Is Avocado Farming Profitable?

Avocado farming can be commercially viable, but profitability should never be presented as automatic.

The financial result depends on:

• Orchard establishment cost
• Land cost
• Tree cost
• Irrigation infrastructure
• Water price
• Labor
• Fertilizer
• Pest and disease management
• Yield
• Packout percentage
• Harvest cost
• Packing
• Transport
• Market price
• Orchard life
• Financing

UC avocado enterprise studies show why growers need full establishment and production budgets rather than simply multiplying yield by market price. Establishment costs accumulate for several years before mature production, and orchard system, yield and water costs materially affect returns.

Before planting commercially, use local enterprise-budget assumptions.

BlogAgri’s Farm Profit Calculator can help compare saleable yield, selling price and production costs, but it should be filled with realistic orchard numbers rather than optimistic headline prices.

You can also use the Farm Break-Even Price Calculator to estimate the average selling price needed to cover the costs included in your budget.

Commercial Reality Check: A high market price does not rescue a poorly performing orchard. Yield, packout, water, labor, establishment cost and market access have to work together.

Are Avocados a Sustainable Crop?

That question cannot be answered with a simple yes or no.

It depends on where and how the orchard is managed.

A responsible assessment should consider:

• Water source
• Irrigation efficiency
• Local water scarcity
• Soil erosion
• Fertilizer use
• Pest-management practices
• Orchard lifespan
• Transport
• Yield per unit of land and water
• Biodiversity and land-use effects

Do not describe avocado as inherently low-water or automatically sustainable.

Likewise, it is too simplistic to call every avocado orchard environmentally harmful.

Sustainability depends on the production system and local resource constraints.

Good irrigation scheduling, soil protection, appropriate nutrient management and integrated pest management can improve resource use, but they do not remove the need to evaluate the orchard in its local environmental context.

A Practical Pre-Planting Checklist

Before committing land to avocados, I would want clear answers to these questions.

Climate

• What were the lowest temperatures during the last decade?
• Does cold air drain away from the orchard?
• Are damaging heat events common?
• Is strong wind a problem?

Soil

• Does the site drain rapidly after heavy rain?
• Is there a restrictive layer?
• What is the soil pH?
• Are salinity problems present?
• Has Phytophthora been a problem on the land?

Water

• Is irrigation water available throughout the dry season?
• What does it cost?
• Has the water been tested?
• Can the irrigation system deliver water uniformly?

Trees

• Which cultivar matches the market?
• Which rootstock matches the soil?
• Do you need pollenizer cultivars?
• Is certified or reputable nursery stock available?

Orchard design

• What spacing fits the chosen system?
• How will machinery move between rows?
• How will tree height be controlled?
• Where will harvest bins and vehicles travel?

Market

• Who will buy the fruit?
• What grades and sizes do they accept?
• What are the packing costs?
• What percentage of production may be rejected?

Finance

• Can the farm carry establishment costs for several years?
• What saleable yield is realistic?
• What is the break-even price?
• How sensitive is the plan to a poor crop or low market price?

If several of these questions cannot yet be answered, spend more time planning before planting.

Common Avocado Farming Mistakes

Choosing the cultivar before choosing the site

Climate and soil should narrow the cultivar options, not the other way around.

Ignoring drainage

This is one of the most serious mistakes because chronic root problems can follow the orchard for years.

Planting seedlings for commercial fruit

Seed-grown trees do not reliably reproduce the characteristics of named cultivars.

Overwatering young trees

A young avocado does not need the same irrigation volume or wetted area as a mature tree.

Copying fertilizer rates from another country

Nutrient programs must be adapted to local conditions, tree age and diagnostic information.

Treating A/B flowering as a guarantee

A complementary pollenizer can help under some conditions, but temperature, flowering overlap, insects and orchard design also influence pollination.

Assuming every fruit will be saleable

Grade-outs and postharvest losses should be included in the farm budget.

Assuming a high avocado price guarantees profit

Commercial viability depends on costs and saleable yield, not retail price alone.

FAQs About Avocado Farming

Final Thoughts

A good avocado orchard is usually built on decisions that were made before the first tree was planted.

Choose the site carefully. Take drainage seriously. Know your water supply. Buy suitable grafted trees and match cultivars and rootstocks to local conditions.

Then manage the orchard by watching the trees rather than blindly following a generic calendar.

And before calling avocado farming profitable, work through the entire enterprise budget—from nursery tree to packed, saleable fruit.

That may sound less exciting than describing avocados as “green jewels,” but it is much closer to the way a farmer needs to think.

Refrences:

• UC Agriculture and Natural Resources — Avocado Production Resources — cultivars, irrigation, nutrition, flowering, rootstocks and orchard management.
• UC IPM — Phytophthora Root Rot in Avocado — disease prevention and irrigation management.
• UF/IFAS Extension — Avocado Growing — soils, drainage, planting and tree establishment.
• UC ANR — Avocado Flowering and Pollination — A/B flower types and pollination.
• UC ANR — Avocado Irrigation — irrigation scheduling, soil moisture, systems and water quality.
• FAO — Avocado Postharvest Operations — harvest and commercial postharvest management.